The global market for Nerve Repair and Regeneration is projected to reach US$12.7 billion by 2025, driven by high incidence of brain disorders and nerve injuries. The human nervous system comprises complex, delicate structures such as the spinal cord, the brain, and peripheral nerves, which are susceptible to different types of injuries. Nerves constitute the most significant cable systems in the human body, performing the crucial job of carrying messages and information to brain and also to other parts of body. Whenever such critical nerves are injured, problems arise in muscles leading to sensation loss. Major types of nerve injuries include Neuropraxia, the physiologic blocking of nerve; Axonotmesis, the anatomic disruption of axon with slight disruption of connective tissue; and Neurotmesis, the anatomic disruption of connective tissue and nerve fibers.These injuries could result in trauma or more serious neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson`s disease, Alzheimer`s disease, multiple system atrophy, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig`s disease).Alzheimer`s, Parkinson`s, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and multiple sclerosis are diseases that cause injury to the complex, delicate structures of the nervous system.Till date spinal cord injury and peripheral nerve damage are often permanent and incapacitating.

Innovative strategies are required for a shift in the paradigm and advanced treatment of these neurological injuries.But the question as to whether adult neurogenesis isrealstill remains unanswered with several contentious research studies still underway with no definitive answer to this century-long debate. Regrowth or repair of nervous tissues and cells involves generation of new neurons, glia, axons, myelin, or synapses.Gene Therapy is attracting immense research investments for its promise in promoting nerve regeneration and intraneural revascularization is being studied for its role in peripheral nerve regeneration.Newer studies are however dampening hopes by stating that adults produce no new cells in the hippocampus. Nevertheless, hopes of regeneration arecreating lucrative commercial opportunities as the pressure builds for newer and more effective treatment for neurological diseases.As the world awaits for a paradigm-shift in the treatment of neurological injury, neurostimulation and neuromodulation devices and biomaterials remains a massive multi- billiondollar market worldwide. Neurostimulation and neuromodulation devices are currently available solutions to treat a variety of nerve injuries including peripheral nerve injuries. Neurostimulation and neuromodulation methods involve use of specially designed devices to transmit electrical impulses for controlling activity of the central nervous system and the brain.Internal neurostimulation and neuromodulation devices are growing in popularity for their significantly lower risk for post-surgical complications and shorter hospital stays. These include deep brain stimulation (DBS)for Parkinson`s, epilepsy and depression; spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for pain management and spasticity; gastric electrical stimulation (GES) for obesity and gastroparesis; vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for depression and epilepsy; and sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) for constipation and urinary incontinence disorders.External neurostimulation devices, on the other hand, comprise transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (TVNS) for autism, depression, anxiety and age related disorders; transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia disorders; transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)for depression and ADHD; and respiratory electrical stimulation (RES) for improving the respiratory function after spinal cord injury.