Email ID : 
Password : 
Forgot Your Password ? 

Only Report Titles
Titles & Keywords
NOTE: Site best viewed with Internet Explorer
  VEHICULAR LIGHTING
A Global Strategic Business Report

This report analyzes the worldwide markets for Vehicular Lighting in Millions of Units. The major product segments analyzed are Automotive Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling/Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps, & Other Automotive Lamps) and Motorcycle Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps, & Flasher Lamps). The report provides separate comprehensive analytics for the US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World. Annual forecasts are provided for each region for the period of 2001 through 2015. A ten-year historic analysis is also provided for these markets with annual market analytics. The report profiles 159 companies including many key and niche players worldwide such as Advanced Lighting Technologies Inc., Decoma International Inc., Federal-Mogul Corporation, GE Consumer & Industrial, Hella KGaA Hueck & Co., Ichikoh Industries Ltd., Koito Manufacturing Company Ltd., North American Lighting Inc., Koito Europe Ltd., Shanghai Koito Automotive Lamp Co. Ltd., Odelo GmbH, OSRAM GmbH, Osram Sylvania Inc., Philips Automotive Lighting, Robert Bosch GmbH, Stanley Electric Company, Valeo SA, Valeo Sylvania LLC, Valeo Sylvania Ichikoh, and Visteon Corporation. Market data and analytics are derived from primary and secondary research. Company profiles are mostly extracted from URL research and reported select online sources.

CODE:    MCP-2715  PAGES:    612
PRICE:    $4450  DATE:       May 2008
COMPANIES:  159  MARKET DATA TABLES:   223
Due to the proprietary nature, our previews are offered only to manufacturers, top-tier management consultants, investment banks, and investment research groups.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS  
  VEHICULAR LIGHTING (Complete Report) Pages : 612   | $4450
   Study Reliability and Reporting Limitations.....I-1  
   Disclaimers.....I-2
Data Interpretation & Reporting Level.....I-2
  
   Quantitative Techniques & Analytics.....I-3
Product Definitions and Scope of Study.....I-3
  
   Definitions for Select Product Segments.....I-4
Automotive Lamps.....I-4
Headlamps.....I-4
Tail Lamps.....I-4
Parking Lamps.....I-4
Signaling/Flasher Lamps.....I-4
  
   Fog Lamps.....I-5
Brake Lamps.....I-5
Other Automotive Lamps.....I-5
Motorcycle Lamps.....I-5
Headlamps.....I-5
  
   Tail Lamps.....I-6
Flasher Lamps.....I-6
  
   “Seeing and Being Seen”: An Issue Worth Millions of Lives.....II-1
Vehicular Lighting: The High and Low Beams Worldwide.....II-1
1$100
   Current and Future Analysis.....II-2
Automotive Lighting.....II-2
1$100
   Table 1: World Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automobile Lighting by Product Segment – Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling/Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-31$400
   Table 2: World 15-Year Perspective for Automobile Lighting by Product Segment – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling / Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps for the Years 1998, 2008, and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-4
Motorcycle Lighting.....II-4
1$400
   Table 3: World Past, Current & Future Analysis for Motorcycle Lighting by Product Segment – Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1998, 2008, and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-5

Table 4: World 15-Year Perspective for Motorcycle Lighting by Product Segment – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-5
1$400
   Competitive Scenario in the Recent Past.....II-6
Table 5: Leading Players in the Global Market for Automotive Lighting for 2000 and 2003: Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales by Company for Valeo, Koito, Hella KGaA Hueck & Co., Automotive Lighting, Stanley, Guide Corp., Visteon, ZKW, and ARTEB (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-6
1$400
   Table 6: Leading Players in the Global Market for Automobile Headlamps for 2000 and 2003: Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales by Company for Valeo, Koito, Hella KGaA Hueck & Co. Stanley, Automotive Lighting and Others (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-7

Table 7: Leading Players in the Global Market for Automobile Tail Lamps for 2000 and 2003: Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales by Company for Valeo, Koito, Automotive Lighting, Stanley, Guide Corp., Hella KGaA Hueck & Co. and Others (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-7
1$400
   Intelligent Headlights to See Light in Japan and Europe.....II-8
High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Headlamps to Spell Doom for Halogen Lamps.....II-8
Bending Light to Offer Drivers a Clear Vision.....II-8
AFS Responds to Environment/Driving Conditions.....II-8
1$100
   Active Infrared Night Vision Systems to Sell More in US, Japan and Europe.....II-9
Fiber Optics to Make Room in HID Light Sources.....II-9
Aftermarket Products to Move in Line with Developments in OEM Lighting
  Technology.....II-9
1$100
   Major Trends.....II-10
Alliance: The Buzzword in the Automotive Lighting Market.....II-10
Market Being Driven by Technological Innovations.....II-10
HID Replacing Halogen Lamps.....II-10
LED Light Sources Replace the Traditional Incandescent Bulbs.....II-10
1$100
   Factors Affecting Global Vehicular Lighting Market.....II-11
Automobile Production.....II-11
Costs .....II-11
Regulatory Issues.....II-11
Performance.....II-11
1$100
   Style .....II-12
1$100
   Vehicular Lighting: A Transformation at Lightning Speeds.....II-13
1980-2000 – An Era of Headlamps Evolution.....II-13
1$100
   Milestones in the History of Automotive Lighting.....II-14
Incandescent Lamps/Bulbs.....II-14
1$100
   Halogen Headlights.....II-15
High-Intensity Discharge Headlamps (HID).....II-15
1$100
   HID LAMPS in Comparison to Halogen Lights.....II-16
HID Lamps Vs MDP Lamps.....II-16
Neon Lights.....II-16
1$100
   Neon and Incandescent Lights.....II-17
Xenon Lights.....II-17
The Xenon-Headlight Concerns.....II-17
1$100
   Xenon Vs Halogen lamps.....II-18
Bi-Xenon Headlamp Systems.....II-18
Double Xenon.....II-18
Bending Lights.....II-18
Adaptive Front-Lighting System.....II-18
1$100
   To the Roots.....II-19
Active Infrared Night Vision System.....II-19
1$100
   Functionality of the Active Infrared-Laser Night Vision System.....II-20
Advantages with Infrared Light Source.....II-20
1$100
   Automotive Lamps.....II-21
Headlamps.....II-21
Production Process.....II-21
1$100
   Paraboloid Reflectors.....II-22
Free-Form (FF) Technology.....II-22
Variable Light-Pattern Headlights.....II-22
Daytime Running Lights.....II-22
Benefits of DRL.....II-22
Importance of DRL in Safety.....II-22
1$100
   The Other Side of DRL.....II-23
Tail Lamps.....II-23
Parking Lamps.....II-23
Signaling/Flasher Lamps.....II-23
1$100
   Automotive Flasher Designs: Based on Technology Employed.....II-24
Fog Lamps.....II-24
1$100
   Brake Lamps.....II-25
Other Automotive Lamps.....II-25
Motorcycle Lamps.....II-25
Headlamps.....II-25
Tail Lamps.....II-25
Flasher Lamps.....II-25
Alternative Source for Turn and Brake Signals.....II-25
1$100
   Auxiliary Lighting.....II-26
Driving Lights.....II-26
Distributed or Centralized Lighting.....II-26
Benefits of Distributed or Centralized Lighting.....II-26
Lamps Which Sense Ambient Light.....II-26
Neon.....II-26
1$100
   Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs).....II-27
LEDs - Functions and Uses.....II-27
Applications of LEDs.....II-27
1$100
   LED Marker Lamps.....II-28
LED Stop Lamp.....II-28
LEDs Vs Incandescent Lamps.....II-28
1$100
   Future Prospects for LEDs.....II-29
1$100
   New Halogen Bulbs for Longer Life and Better Performance.....II-30
Emergency Braking Display – A New Idea.....II-30
Gentex’s SmartBeam: Tuning to the Traffic.....II-30
Intelligent Headlight Technology from Valeo.....II-30
1$100
   Intelligent Lighting by Hella.....II-31
Laser Tail Lamps by Visteon.....II-31
White LEDs by HP, Philips.....II-31
Distributed Front Lighting from Hella.....II-31
1$100
   LumiLeds LED Headlamps.....II-32
1$100
   Global Automobile Production.....II-33 1$100
   Table 8: World Past, Present and Future Analysis for Automobiles by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Production for the Years 1991, 1997, 2001, 2007 and 2010 in Thousand Units (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-34

Table 9: World 20-Year Perspective for Automobiles by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of Production for United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets for the Years 1991, 1997, 2001, 2007 and 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-34
1$400
   Table 10: World Past, Present and Future Analysis for Automobiles by Vehicle Segment – Passenger Cars and Commercial Vehicles Independently Analyzed by Annual Production for the Years 1991, 1997, 2001, 2007 and 2010 in Thousand Units (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-35

Table 11: World 20-Year Perspective for Automobiles by Vehicle Segment – Percentage Breakdown of Production for Passenger Cars and Commercial Vehicles for the Years 1991, 1997, 2001, 2007 and 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-35
1$400
   Competitive Scenario in the Recent Past.....II-36
Table 12: Leading Players in the Global Market for Automobiles for 2003 and 2004: Percentage Breakdown of Volume Production by Manufacturer for General Motors, Toyota-Daihatsu-Hino, Ford, Volkswagen, DaimlerChrysler, PSA Peugeot Citroen, Nissan-Nissan Diesel, Honda, Hyundai-Kia, Renault-Dacia-Samsung, Fiat-Iveco and Others (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-36
1$400
   Europe – An Industrial Slowdown Exposes Excess Capacity Levels.....II-37
Focus Shifts to Suppliers.....II-37
Consolidation – A Panacea for all Frills?.....II-37
1$100
   Cost Curtailment – An Inevitable Cost.....II-38
1$100
   Market Overview.....II-39
Motorcycles - More than a Vehicle, A Way of Life & Attitude.....II-39
Factors Driving 2-Wheeler Demand.....II-39
Parts & Accessories: Playing a Crucial Role in the Motorcycle Industry.....II-39
1$100
   Leading Players.....II-40
Market Analytics.....II-40
1$100
   Table 13: World Past, Present and Future Analysis for Motorcycles by Geographic Region – US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales for the Years 2001, 2007 and 2010 in Thousand Units (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-41

Table 14: World 10-Year Perspective for Motorcycles by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of Sales for US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets for the Years 2001, 2007 and 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-41
1$400
   Industry Trends.....II-42
Baby Boomers Contributing to Significant Demand.....II-42
Industry Marked by Intense Competition.....II-42
Developed Nations Vs Developing Nations - Disparate Preferences.....II-42
Developing Countries in Asia Exhibit Favorable Demographics.....II-42
Emerging Technologies in the Motorcycle Market.....II-42
1$100
   Heads-Up Display.....II-43
Puncture-Resistant Tires.....II-43
Smart Headlights.....II-43
Helmet-Mounted Display.....II-43
Airbags.....II-43
1$100
   Motorcycle Detection System.....II-44
1$100
   LEDtronics® Introduces Hazard warning LED Lamps.....II-45
LEDtronics® Announces New Solar-Powered Safety Lights .....II-45
LEDtronics® Unveils New Cluster Lamps.....II-45
OSRAM Launches New Automotive Headlamp.....II-45
Philips Lumileds Unleashes SnapLED for Resistor Drive Applications.....II-45
1$100
   Philips Lumileds Develops LUXEON® LEDs Technology.....II-46
Mercedes to Develop Intelligent Light System.....II-46
Automotive Lighting Unleashes Audi TT Headlamps.....II-46
Ford Motor Adds iLight LEDs to F-250 Model.....II-46
Avago Introduces LEDs for Interior Automotive Lighting.....II-46
1$100
   Osram Sylvania Designs Mercury-Free Lighting System.....II-47
Hella Launches Luminator Xenon with Clear-Glass Design.....II-47
Hella Launches Black Upgrade Headlights for Passat B6 and VW Golf Plus.....II-47
Hella Designs LED Daytime Running Lights for Professional Drivers.....II-47
OSRAM Opto Introduces OSTAR® Vehicle Headlights.....II-47
1$100
   Visteon Offers Advanced Front Lighting System to Cadillac Luxury Car.....II-48
Hella Introduces Innovative Automotive Lamps.....II-48
Automotive Lighting Designs IR System for Mercedes S Class.....II-48
Automotive Lighting, Volkswagen Unveil Modular Rear Lamp.....II-48
Hella Showcases Lighting Equipment at Las Vegas Convention Center.....II-48
Osram Sylvania Launches Standard LED taillamp on Ford’s SUV Model.....II-48
1$100
   BMW Offers Auto-Dim Features in Latest Models.....II-49
Hella Showcases Lighting Products at IAA.....II-49
Hella Rolls Out Improved Fog Lights.....II-49
Hella Launches Stop Lamps for VW Polo.....II-49
Hella Launches Rear Light Upgrades for Opel Zafira.....II-49
Hella Automatic Headlamps for BMW 7 Series.....II-49
OSRAM Introduces High Power OSTAR™ LED.....II-49
1$100
   Hella and Volkswagen Develop New LED Rear Lamps.....II-50
Truck-Lite Launches LED Lamps, Model 80.....II-50
Truck-Lite Launches LED Super Strip-Lite™.....II-50
Lumileds Launches New Range of Luxeon LEDs.....II-50
Hella Extends Bend Lighting to 4 New Models.....II-50
Visteon AFS Headlamps for the New Ford Focus.....II-50
1$100
   Koito Launches World’s First Mercury-Free HID Headlamp System.....II-51
Visteon Enhances Advanced Front Lighting System.....II-51
Dialight Launches LED Warning Lamps for School Buses.....II-51
Dialight Launches LED Stop Lamps for Heavy Vehicles.....II-51
Fair Child Launches Ultra-bright surface mount LED Lamps for Interior Lighting.....II-51
1$100
   MINI Launches Front and Rear Fog Lamp Kits.....II-52
LEDtronics Launches Upgraded versions of Incandescent Replacement Lamps.....II-52
1$100
   Neolite Strikes JV with Zizala.....II-53
Fiat Enters into a Joint Venture with Sumi Motherson Group .....II-53
Schefenacker Renamed to Odelo GmbH.....II-53
Meridian to Take Over Lighting Business of Automotive Components Holdings.....II-53
Philips and Federal-Mogul Join Forces.....II-53
1$100
   Koito Builds Second Production Facility in India.....II-54
Advanced Lighting Technologies Buys Auer Lighting.....II-54
BMW 5 Series Now with Variable Light Distribution.....II-54
Koito Opens North American Plant.....II-54
Visteon Provides Exterior Lighting System for the New Cadillac CTS.....II-54
1$100
   NAL Invest $21M for Fourth Facility.....II-55
Hella Acquires 100% of Aglaia.....II-55
Morgan Stanley Acquires Sidler GmbH.....II-55
Hella Shuts Banbury Facility.....II-55
Automotive Lighting Opens Car Headlamp Facility.....II-55
Philips Expands Automotive Head Lighting Facility in Germany.....II-55
Koito Begins Production at Kyushu Plant.....II-55
Stanley Electric Expands Car-Lamps Output.....II-55
1$100
   Ichikoh, Valeo Establish Chinese Automotive Lamp JV.....II-56
FIEM and Ichikoh Ink Pact.....II-56
FIEM Industries Expands Automotive Lighting Facilities.....II-56
Valeo, Minda Ally for Auto Component Facility.....II-56
Visteon Kicks Off $10M Technical Center in India.....II-56
Minda Industries Eyes Automotive Lighting Biz.....II-56
Actis Acquires Stake in Phoenix Lamps.....II-56
1$100
   Lumax, Valeo Group Tie-up for Automotive Lamps.....II-57
Philips to Open LED Plant in Singapore.....II-57
1$100
   Philips Buys Agilent's Shareholding in Lumileds for $950M.....II-58
Decoma Merges with Magna.....II-58
Ichikoh Bags Contract from Toyota.....II-58
Koito Manufacturing Plans Auto Lamps Facility in Japan.....II-58
Valeo Increases Stake in Ichikoh.....II-58
SOK, Czech Hella Set up Auto Lamps JV.....II-58
Magneti Marelli Sets up Facility in China.....II-58
1$100
   Koito Establishes Automotive Lighting Facility in China.....II-59
Visteon Forms Chinese JV with TYC.....II-59
Hella’s LED Headlamp Adjudged Best Innovation by Spanish STA.....II-59
Valeo Sylvania Supplies Headlamps for Nissan Altima.....II-59
Visteon to Provide Lighting Systems for Corvette 2005.....II-59
Koito Opens Office at Guangzhou.....II-59
1$100
   Dialight Establishes Luxeon Design Center.....II-60
Agilent and Lumileds Jointly Develop LEDs.....II-60
SEMA Amends the Vehicular Lighting Legislation in Oregon.....II-60
Intertek’s ETL SEMKO Secures VCA’s Approval for ECE Testing.....II-60
Automotive Lighting Commences Online Cataloging.....II-60
1$100
   Advanced Lighting Technologies Inc. (USA).....II-61
Decoma International Inc. (Canada).....II-61
Federal-Mogul Corporation (USA).....II-61
GE Consumer & Industrial (USA).....II-61
1$100
   Hella KGaA Hueck & Co. (Germany).....II-62
Ichikoh Industries Ltd. (Japan).....II-62
1$100
   Koito Manufacturing Company Ltd. (Japan).....II-63
North American Lighting Inc. (USA).....II-63
Koito Europe Ltd. (UK).....II-63
1$100
   Shanghai Koito Automotive Lamp Co. Ltd. (China).....II-64
Odelo GmbH.....II-64
OSRAM GmbH (Germany).....II-64
Osram Sylvania Inc. (USA).....II-64
1$100
   Philips Automotive Lighting (The Netherlands).....II-65
Robert Bosch GmbH (Germany).....II-65
Stanley Electric Company (Japan).....II-65
1$100
   Valeo SA (France).....II-66
Valeo Sylvania LLC (USA).....II-66
Valeo Sylvania Ichikoh.....II-66
Visteon Corporation (USA).....II-66
1$100
   Table 15: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Vehicular Lighting by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-671$400
   Table 16: World Long-term Projections for Vehicular Lighting by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-68

Table 17: World Historic Review for Vehicular Lighting by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-68
1$400
   Table 18: World 15-Year Perspective for Vehicular Lighting by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-691$400
   Table 19: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-70

Table 20: World Long-term Projections for Automotive Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-70
1$400
   Table 21: World Historic Review for Automotive Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-711$400
   Table 22: World 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Lamps by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-721$400
   Table 23: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Lamps by Product Segment – Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling/Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-731$400
   Table 24: World Long-term Projections for Automotive Lamps by Product Segment – Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling/Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-74

Table 25: World Historic Review for Automotive Lamps by Product Segment – Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling/Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-74
1$400
   Table 26: World 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Lamps by Product Segment – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling/Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-751$400
   Table 27: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Headlamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-76

Table 28: World Long-term Projections for Automotive Headlamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-76
1$400
   Table 29: World Historic Review for Automotive Headlamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-771$400
   Table 30: World 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Headlamps by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-781$400
   Table 31: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Tail Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-79

Table 32: World Long-term Projections for Automotive Tail Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-79
1$400
   Table 33: World Historic Review for Automotive Tail Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-801$400
   Table 34: World 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Tail Lamps by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-811$400
   Table 35: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Parking Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-821$400
   Table 36: World Long-term Projections for Automotive Parking Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-83

Table 37: World Historic Review for Automotive Parking Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-83
1$400
   Table 38: World 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Parking Lamps by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-841$400
   Table 39: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Signaling/Flasher Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-851$400
   Table 40: World Long-term Projections for Automotive Signaling/Flasher Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-86

Table 41: World Historic Review for Automotive Signaling / Flasher Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-86
1$400
   Table 42: World 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Signaling / Flasher Lamps by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-871$400
   Table 43: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Fog Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-88

Table 44: World Long-term Projections for Automotive Fog Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-88
1$400
   Table 45: World Historic Review for Automotive Fog Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-891$400
   Table 46: World 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Fog Lamps by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-901$400
   Table 47: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Brake Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-911$400
   Table 48: World Long-term Projections for Automotive Brake Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-92

Table 49: World Historic Review for Automotive Brake Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-92
1$400
   Table 50: World 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Brake Lamps by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-931$400
   Table 51: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Other Automotive Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-941$400
   Table 52: World Long-term Projections for Other Automotive Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-951$400
   Table 53: World Historic Review for Other Automotive Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-961$400
   Table 54: World 15-Year Perspective for Other Automotive Lamps by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-971$400
   Table 55: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Motorcycle Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-98

Table 56: World Long-term Projections for Motorcycle Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-98
1$400
   Table 57: World Historic Review for Motorcycle Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-991$400
   Table 58: World 15-Year Perspective for Motorcycle Lamps by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-1001$400
   Table 59: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Motorcycle Lamps by Product Segment – Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-101

Table 60: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Motorcycle Lamps by Product Segment – Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-101
1$400
   Table 61: World Historic Review for Motorcycle Lamps by Product Segment – Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-102

Table 62: World 15-Year Perspective for Motorcycle Lamps by Product Segment – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-102
1$400
   Table 63: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Motorcycle Headlamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-103

Table 64: World Long-term Projections for Motorcycle Headlamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-103
1$400
   Table 65: World Historic Review for Motorcycle Headlamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-1041$400
   Table 66: World 15-Year Perspective for Motorcycle Headlamps by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-1051$400
   Table 67: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Motorcycle Tail Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-106

Table 68: World Long-term Projections for Motorcycle Tail Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-106
1$400
   Table 69: World Historic Review for Motorcycle Tail Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-1071$400
   Table 70: World 15-Year Perspective for Motorcycle Tail Lamps by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-1081$400
   Table 71: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Motorcycle Flasher Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-109

Table 72: World Long-term Projections for Motorcycle Flasher Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-109
1$400
   Table 73: World Historic Review for Motorcycle Flasher Lamps by Geographic Region – United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-1101$400
   Table 74: World 15-Year Perspective for Motorcycle Flasher Lamps by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of World Markets for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....II-1111$400
   A. Market Analysis.....III-1
Current and Future Analysis.....III-1
Automotive Lamps.....III-1
Motorcycle Lamps.....III-1
Performance Tied to General and Market-Specific Factors.....III-1
1$75
   Review of the Market in the Recent Past.....III-2
Outlook.....III-2
Table 75: US Past, Present and Future Analysis for Automobiles by Vehicle Segment – Passenger Cars and Commercial Vehicles Independently Analyzed by Annual Production for the Years 1991, 1997, 2001, 2007 and 2010 in Thousand Units (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-2
1$250
   Factors Fueling Competition.....III-3
A Shrinking Market.....III-3
Overseas Brand Domination – The Threat is Real.....III-3
Price Factor – A Major Competitive Platform.....III-3
Automobile Parts and Components Industry.....III-3
Introduction and Overview.....III-3
Major Business Segments.....III-3
1$75
   Auto Aftermarket Products – A Major Market.....III-4
US Auto Parts Suppliers – An International Perspective.....III-4
Motorcycles Industry – A Glance.....III-4
Market Trends.....III-4
Design Modifications Boost the Motorbike Industry.....III-4
1$75
   Heavyweight Motorcycles Dominate the Market.....III-5
Emerging Trends in the US Motorcycles Industry.....III-5
Vehicular Lighting Technology Developments and Emerging Trends.....III-5
SmartBeam: Tuning to the Traffic.....III-5
Low Spirits on AFS.....III-5
1$75
   Product Launches.....III-61$75
   Product Launches in the Recent Past.....III-73$225
   Strategic Corporate Developments.....III-101$75
   Strategic Corporate Developments in the Recent Past.....III-111$75
   Select US Players.....III-124$300
   B. Market Analytics.....III-16
Table 76: US Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Vehicular Lighting by Product Group/Segment – Automotive Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling/Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps), Motorcycle Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps) Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-16
1$250
   Table 77: US Long-term Projections for Vehicular Lighting by Product Group/Segment – Automotive Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling/ Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps), Motorcycle Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps) Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-171$250
   Table 78: US Historic Review for Vehicular Lighting by Product Group/Segment – Automotive Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling/Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps), Motorcycle Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps) Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-181$250
   Table 79: US 15-Year Perspective for Vehicular Lighting by Product Group/Segment – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for Automotive Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling/Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps), Motorcycle Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps) for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-19
1$250
   A. Market Analysis.....III-20
Current and Future Analysis.....III-20
Automotive Lamps.....III-20
Motorcycle Lamps.....III-20
Daytime Running Lights in Canada.....III-20
The Canadian Automotive Industry – A Glance.....III-20
One of the Largest Producers of Motor Vehicles.....III-20
1$75
   Table 80: Canadian Past, Present and Future Analysis for Automobiles by Vehicle Segment – Passenger Cars and Commercial Vehicles Independently Analyzed by Annual Production for the Years 1991, 1997, 2001, 2007 and 2010 in Thousand Units (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-21
Market Trends.....III-21
The “Compact” Revolution.....III-21
Growing Popularity of Alternative Fuel Systems.....III-21
Light Trucks and Minivans Last Longer than Passenger Cars.....III-21
1$250
   Motorcycle Market – A Glance.....III-22
Heavy Weight Motorbikes: Experiencing Increasing Demand.....III-22
Strategic Corporate Development in the Recent Past.....III-22
Decoma International Inc. – A Major Player.....III-22
1$75
   B. Market Analytics.....III-23
Table 81: Canadian Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Vehicular Lighting by Product Group/ Segment – Automotive Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling/Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps), Motorcycle Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps) Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart.....III-23
1$250
   Table 82: Canadian Long-term Projections for Vehicular Lighting by Product Group/Segment – Automotive Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling/Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps), Motorcycle Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps) Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-241$250
   Table 83: Canadian Historic Review for Vehicular Lighting by Product Group/Segment – Automotive Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling / Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps), Motorcycle Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps) Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-251$250
   Table 84: Canadian 15-Year Perspective for Vehicular Lighting by Product Group/Segment – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for Automotive Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling / Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps), Motorcycle Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps) for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-26
1$250
   A. Market Analysis.....III-27
Current and Future Analysis.....III-27
Automotive Lamps.....III-27
Motorcycle Lamps.....III-27
Automobile Industry in Japan – A Glance.....III-27
World’s Fourth Largest Automobile Market.....III-27
Table 85: Japanese Past, Present and Future Analysis for Automobiles by Vehicle Segment – Passenger Cars and Commercial Vehicles Independently Analyzed by Annual Production for the Years 1991, 1997, 2001, 2007 and 2010 in Thousand Units (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-27
1$250
   Automotive Lighting Equipment Market.....III-28
HID Market.....III-28
Competitive Scenario in the Recent Past.....III-28
Table 86: Leading Players in the Japanese Market for Head Lamps and Tail Lamps (2002): Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales by Company – Koito, Stanley, Ichikoh and Others (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-28
Emerging Trends in the Market.....III-28
LEDs: Strapping up for Big Fortunes.....III-28
1$250
   Biggest Market for Xenon Headlamp Systems.....III-29
Outlook.....III-29
Limping Back to Growth Mode.....III-29
Motorcycles Market.....III-29
Japan’s Premiers Losing Shares.....III-29
Strategic Corporate Developments.....III-29
1$75
   Strategic Corporate Developments in the Recent Past.....III-30
Select Japanese Players.....III-30
2$150
   B. Market Analytics.....III-32
Table 87: Japanese Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Vehicular Lighting by Product Group / Segment – Automotive Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling/Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps), Motorcycle Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps) Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2001 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-32
1$250
   Table 88: Japanese Long-term Projections for Vehicular Lighting by Product Group/Segment – Automotive Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling/Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps), Motorcycle Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps) Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-331$250
   Table 89: Japanese Historic Review for Vehicular Lighting by Product Group/Segment – Automotive Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling / Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps), Motorcycle Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps) Independently Analyzed by Annual Sales in Million Units for the Years 1991 through 2000 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-341$250
   Table 90: Japanese 15-Year Perspective for Vehicular Lighting by Product Group/Segment – Percentage Breakdown of Unit Sales for Automotive Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps, Parking Lamps, Signaling / Flasher Lamps, Fog Lamps, Brake Lamps and Other Automotive Lamps), Motorcycle Lamps (Headlamps, Tail Lamps and Flasher Lamps) for the Years 1998, 2008 and 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-35
1$250
   A. Market Analysis.....III-36
Current and Future Analysis.....III-36
Regional Perspective.....III-36
Product Segment Perspective.....III-36
Competitive Scenario in the Recent Past.....III-36
1$75
   Table 91: Leading Players in the European Market for Automotive Front and Rear Lighting Systems in the Recent Past (2001 & 2003): Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales by Company – Valeo Lighting Systems, Automotive Lighting, Hella, Schefenacker and Others (includes corresponding Graph/Chart).....III-37
European Automobile Market – A Glance.....III-37
Industry Overview.....III-37
Market Scenario.....III-37
European Market Erasing Effects of Cyclical Downturn.....III-37
1$250
   Outlook.....III-38
Short-term Outlook Offers Hope.....III-38
Table 92: European Past, Present and Future Analysis for Automobiles by Vehicle Segment – Passenger Cars and Commercial Vehicles Independently